Cambios en el currículum de la educación física chilena: voces desde el territorio / Changes in the chilean physical education curriculum: voices from the territory / Mudanças no currículo da educação física chilena: vozes do território

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el desarrollo del currículum en los últimos años y la didáctica que utilizan profesores de Educación Física en una región del centro sur de Chile. La metodología del estudio es de tipo cualitativa, a través de entrevistas a docentes con al menos cinco años de permanencia en el sistema educacional. Los resultados dan cuenta de que los profesores abordan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje analizando el contexto en que están inmersos. Al momento de planificar sus clases se apoyan en las bases curriculares dispuestas por el Ministerio de Educación y las características de los estudiantes. Se concluye que, respecto a los desafíos actuales, buscan llevar a la práctica un modelo constructivista, procurando que el estudiante sea parte del proceso educativo, tomando en cuenta su integridad y bienestar. Asimismo, se espera que el currículum incorpore las problemáticas actuales que emergen en la sociedad.

The objective was to analyze the curriculum development and the didactics used by Physical Education teachers in recent years in a region of south-central Chile. The methodology of the study is qualitative, in which interviews were conducted with teachers with at least 5 years of permanence in the educational system. The results show that teachers approach the teaching-learning process by analyzing the context in which they are immersed. When planning their classes, they rely on the curricular bases established by the Ministry of Education and the characteristics of the students. Regarding current challenges, they seek to implement a constructivist model, making the student part of the educational process, taking into account their integrity and well-being. It is also hoped that the curriculum can incorporate the current problems emerging in society.

O objetivo foi analisar o desenvolvimento do currículo nos últimos anos e a didática utilizada pelos professores de Educação Física em uma região do centro-sul do Chile. A metodologia do estudo é qualitativa, em que foram realizadas entrevistas com professores com no mínimo 5 anos de permanência no sistema educacional. Os resultados mostram que os professores abordam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem analisando o contexto em que estão inseridos. Ao planejar suas aulas, eles se baseiam nas bases curriculares estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Educação e nas características dos alunos. Conclui-se que, face aos desafios atuais, procuram implementar um modelo construtivista, tornando o aluno parte do processo educativo, tendo em conta a sua integridade e bem-estar. Da mesma forma, espera-se que o currículo incorpore os problemas atuais que surgem na sociedade.

Species trait diversity sustains multiple dietary nutrients supplied by freshwater fisheries.

Species, through their traits, influence how ecosystems simultaneously sustain multiple functions. However, it is unclear how trait diversity sustains the multiple contributions biodiversity makes to people. Freshwater fisheries nourish hundreds of millions of people globally, but overharvesting and river fragmentation are increasingly affecting catches. We analyse how loss of nutritional trait diversity in consumed fish portfolios affects the simultaneous provisioning of six essential dietary nutrients using household data from the Amazon and Tonlé Sap, two of Earth's most productive and diverse freshwater fisheries. We find that fish portfolios with high trait diversity meet higher thresholds of required daily intakes for a greater variety of nutrients with less fish biomass. This beneficial biodiversity effect is driven by low redundancy in species nutrient content profiles. Our findings imply that sustaining the dietary contributions fish make to people given declining biodiversity could require more biomass and ultimately exacerbate fishing pressure in already-stressed ecosystems.

Correction: Addante-Moya et al. Assessment of the Optimum Linker Tethering Site of Alternariol Haptens for Antibody Generation and Immunoassay Development. Toxins 2021, 13, 883.

In the original publication [...].

Assessment of the Optimum Linker Tethering Site of Alternariol Haptens for Antibody Generation and Immunoassay Development.

Immunochemical methods for mycotoxin analysis require antigens with well-defined structures and antibodies with outstanding binding properties. Immunoreagents for the mycotoxins alternariol and/or alternariol monomethyl ether have typically been obtained with chemically uncharacterized haptens, and antigen conjugates have most likely been prepared with mixtures of functionalized molecules. For the first time, total synthesis was performed, in the present study, to obtain two haptens with opposite linker attachment locations. The functionalized synthetic haptens were purified and deeply characterized by different spectrometric methods, allowing the preparation of bioconjugates with unequivocal structures. Direct and indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using homologous and heterologous conjugates, were employed to extensively evaluate the generated immunoreagents. Antibodies with high affinity were raised from conjugates of both haptens, and a structure-activity relationship between the synthetic haptens and the specificity of the generated antibodies could be established. These results pave the way for the development of novel highly sensitive immunoassays selective of one or two of these Alternaria mycotoxins.

Model-based analysis of multi-UAV path planning for surveying postdisaster building damage.

Emergency responders require accurate and comprehensive data to make informed decisions. Moreover, the data should be acquired and analyzed swiftly to ensure an efficient response. One of the tasks at hand post-disaster is damage assessment within the impacted areas. In particular, building damage should be assessed to account for possible casualties, and displaced populations, to estimate long-term shelter capacities, and to assess the damage to services that depend on essential infrastructure (e.g. hospitals, schools, etc.). Remote sensing techniques, including satellite imagery, can be used to gathering such information so that the overall damage can be assessed. However, specific points of interest among the damaged buildings need higher resolution images and detailed information to assess the damage situation. These areas can be further assessed through unmanned aerial vehicles and 3D model reconstruction. This paper presents a multi-UAV coverage path planning method for the 3D reconstruction of postdisaster damaged buildings. The methodology has been implemented in NetLogo3D, a multi-agent model environment, and tested in a virtual built environment in Unity3D. The proposed method generates camera location points surrounding targeted damaged buildings. These camera location points are filtered to avoid collision and then sorted using the K-means or the Fuzzy C-means methods. After clustering camera location points and allocating these to each UAV unit, a route optimization process is conducted as a multiple traveling salesman problem. Final corrections are made to paths to avoid obstacles and give a resulting path for each UAV that balances the flight distance and time. The paper presents the details of the model and methodologies, and an examination of the texture resolution obtained from the proposed method and the conventional overhead flight with the nadir-looking method used in 3D mappings. The algorithm outperforms the conventional method in terms of the quality of the generated 3D model.

Substitution of inland fisheries with aquaculture and chicken undermines human nutrition in the Peruvian Amazon.

With declining capture fisheries production, maintaining nutrient supplies largely hinges on substituting wild fish with economically comparable farmed animals. Although such transitions are increasingly commonplace across global inland and coastal communities, their nutritional consequences are unknown. Here, using human demographic and health information, and fish nutrient composition data from the Peruvian Amazon, we show that substituting wild inland fisheries with chicken and aquaculture has the potential to exacerbate iron deficiencies and limit essential fatty acid supplies in a region already experiencing high prevalence of anaemia and malnutrition. Substituting wild fish with chicken, however, can increase zinc and protein supplies. Chicken and aquaculture production also increase greenhouse gas emissions, agricultural land use and eutrophication. Thus, policies that enable access to wild fisheries and their sustainable management while improving the quality, diversity and environmental impacts of farmed species will be instrumental in ensuring healthy and sustainable food systems.

Latin American Consensus for Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 2017: Latin American Pediatric Critical Care Society Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Committee.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a Latin American Consensus about Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. To clarify, reinforce, and adapt some specific recommendations for pediatric patients and to stimulate the implementation of these recommendations in clinical practice. DESIGN: Expert consensus recommendations with Delphi methodology. SETTING: Latin American countries. SUBJECTS: Experts in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation from 19 Latin American countries. INTERVENTIONS: Delphi methodology for expert consensus. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The goal was to reach consensus with all the participating experts for every recommendation. An agreement of at least 80% of the participating experts had to exist in order to deliver a recommendation. Two Delphi voting rounds were sent out electronically. The experts were asked to score between 1 and 9 their level of agreement for each recommendation. The score was then classified into three groups: strong agreement (score 7-9), moderate agreement (score 4-6), and disagreement (score 1-3). Nineteen experts from 19 countries participated in both voting rounds and in the whole process of drafting the recommendations. Sixteen recommendations about organization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, prevention, basic resuscitation, advanced resuscitation, and postresuscitation measures were approved. Ten of them had a consensus of 100%. Four of them were agreed by all the participants except one (94.7% consensus). One recommendation was agreed by all except two experts (89.4%), and finally, one was agreed by all except three experts (84.2%). All the recommendations reached a level of agreement. CONCLUSIONS: This consensus adapts 16 international recommendations to Latin America in order to improve the practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children. Studies should be conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of these recommendations.

Paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation training program in Latin-America: the RIBEPCI experience.

BACKGROUND: To describe the design and to present the results of a paediatric and neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training program adapted to Latin-America. METHODS: A paediatric CPR coordinated training project was set up in several Latin-American countries with the instructional and scientific support of the Spanish Group for Paediatric and Neonatal CPR. The program was divided into four phases: CPR training and preparation of instructors; training for instructors; supervised teaching; and independent teaching. Instructors from each country participated in the development of the next group in the following country. Paediatric Basic Life Support (BLS), Paediatric Intermediate (ILS) and Paediatric Advanced (ALS) courses were organized in each country adapted to local characteristics. RESULTS: Five Paediatric Resuscitation groups were created sequentially in Honduras (2), Guatemala, Dominican Republican and Mexico. During 5 years, 6 instructors courses (94 students), 64 Paediatric BLS Courses (1409 students), 29 Paediatrics ILS courses (626 students) and 89 Paediatric ALS courses (1804 students) were given. At the end of the program all five groups are autonomous and organize their own instructor courses. CONCLUSIONS: Training of autonomous Paediatric CPR groups with the collaboration and scientific assessment of an expert group is a good model program to develop Paediatric CPR training in low- and middle income countries. Participation of groups of different countries in the educational activities is an important method to establish a cooperation network.

Comparing in situ removal strategies for improving styrene bioproduction.

As an important conventional monomer compound, the biological production of styrene carries significant promise with respect to creating novel sustainable materials. Since end-product toxicity presently limits styrene production by previously engineered Escherichia coli, in situ product removal by both solvent extraction and gas stripping were explored as process-based strategies for circumventing its inhibitory effects. In solvent extraction, the addition of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate offered the greatest productivity enhancement, allowing net volumetric production of 836 ± 64 mg/L to be reached, representing a 320 % improvement over single-phase cultures. Gas stripping rates, meanwhile, were controlled by rates of bioreactor agitation and, to a greater extent, aeration. A periodic gas stripping protocol ultimately enabled up to 561 ± 15 mg/L styrene to be attained. Lastly, by relieving the effects of styrene toxicity, new insight was gained regarding subsequent factors limiting its biosynthesis in E. coli and strategies for future strain improvement are discussed.

La mirada del extranjero. Reflexiones de José Ortega y Gasset sobre la psicología de los varones y las mujeres argentinas / The Overview of a Foreigner. José Ortega y Gasset's Thinking about Psychology in Argentinian Men and Women

La psicología de los argentinos y argentinas fue una temática que atrajo la curiosidad de algunos observadores extranjeros. Entre los que visitaron la Argentina y escribieron sobre ella en la primera mitad del siglo XX, encontramos al norteamericano Waldo Frank, al alemán Keyserling y al filósofo español Ortega y Gasset, este ultimo viajó al país en tres oportunidades generando agudas observaciones acerca de la idiosincrasia de este pueblo. Dejó constancia de sus meditaciones en Intimidades, ensayo que forma parte de El Espectador. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, a partir de dichos escritos, sus reflexiones acerca de las diferencias entre la psicología de los varones y las mujeres argentinas, en la conformación de la identidad nacional, entendiendo una asimetría fundamentada en la idea de nuestro país como un pueblo joven.

Argentinian psychology in both genders was a topic that attracted the curiosity of some foreign observers. Amongst the ones that visited Argentina and wrote about it in the first half of the twentieth century, we found the American Waldo Frank, the German Keyserling and the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset. The latter travelled to the country in three opportunities, generating sharp observations about the idiosyncrasy of its people, recording his meditations in the essay "Intimidades", which is part of "El Espectador". The present work aims to analyze, from these writings, the reflections that the Spanish philosopher made regarding the differences between the psychology of Argentinian men and women. All of this shaped a national identity, understanding that the asymmetry is based on the idea of our country as a young nation.

Surveillance of Candida spp bloodstream infections: epidemiological trends and risk factors of death in two Mexican tertiary care hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: Larger populations at risk, broader use of antibiotics and longer hospital stays have impacted on the incidence of Candida sp. bloodstream infections (CBSI). OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients with CBSI in two tertiary care reference medical institutions in Mexico City. DESIGN: Prospective and observational laboratory-based surveillance study conducted from 07/2008 to 06/2010. METHODS: All patients with CBSI were included. Identification and antifungal susceptibility were performed using CLSI M27-A3 standard procedures. Frequencies, Mann-Whitney U test or T test were used as needed. Risk factors were determined with multivariable analysis and binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: CBSI represented 3.8% of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Cumulative incidence was 2.8 per 1000 discharges (incidence rate: 0.38 per 1000 patient-days). C. albicans was the predominant species (46%), followed by C. tropicalis (26%). C. glabrata was isolated from patients with diabetes (50%), and elderly patients. Sixty-four patients (86%) received antifungals. Amphotericin-B deoxycholate (AmBD) was the most commonly used agent (66%). Overall mortality rate reached 46%, and risk factors for death were APACHE II score ≥ 16 (OR = 6.94, CI95% = 2.34-20.58, p<0.0001), and liver disease (OR = 186.11, CI95% = 7.61-4550.20, p = 0.001). Full susceptibility to fluconazole, AmBD and echinocandins among C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative incidence rate in these centers was higher than other reports from tertiary care hospitals from Latin America. Knowledge of local epidemiologic patterns permits the design of more specific strategies for prevention and preemptive therapy of CBSI.

Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en América Latina / Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America

La candidemia es una de las micosis oportunistas más frecuentes en todo el mundo. El escaso número de estudios epidemiológicos llevados a cabo en América Latina indica que las tasas de incidencia en esta región son mayores que las descritas en el hemisferio norte. A menudo el diagnóstico de la infección se establece tardíamente, lo que afecta al inicio del tratamiento antimicótico. Por esta razón, para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia está justificada una estrategia más científica, basada en parámetros específicos. Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y manejo de la candidemia constituye una serie de artículos preparados por miembros del grupo Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Su objetivo es proporcionar las mejores evidencias disponibles para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia. El presente artículo, Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en América Latina, ha sido redactado con el objetivo de brindar asesoramiento a los profesionales de la salud en lo referente al diagnóstico de la candidemia en pacientes que la padecen o están en riesgo de padecerla. Mediante la base de datos PubMed se emprendió una búsqueda informatizada de los estudios publicados. Los miembros del grupo revisaron y analizaron exhaustivamente los datos. El grupo también se reunió en 2 ocasiones para proponer preguntas, abordar los puntos de vista conflictivos y deliberar sobre las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en América Latina incluye diversas recomendaciones sobre aspectos relacionados con los métodos diagnósticos para la detección de la candidemia, la identificación de las especies de Candida y las pruebas de sensibilidad antifúngica. Se expone también la disponibilidad de los métodos, sus costes y el marco en el que se aplican los tratamientos. Este manuscrito es el primero de los artículos de esta serie dedicada al diagnóstico y tratamiento de las candidiasis invasoras. Otras publicaciones de esta serie son Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en adultos en América Latina, Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en niños en América Latina, y Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en neonatos en América Lat (AU)

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia’ are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America’, was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the diagnosis of candidemia, as well as on the usefulness and application of susceptibility testing in patients who have a confirmed diagnosis of candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America’ includes diagnostic methods used to detect candidemia, Candida species identification, and susceptibility testing. The availability of methods, their costs and treatment settings are considered. This manuscript is the first of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America’, ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America’, and ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America’ (AU)

Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en neonatos en América Latina / Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America

La candidemia es una de las micosis oportunistas más frecuentes en todo el mundo. El escaso número de estudios epidemiológicos llevados a cabo en América Latina indica que las tasas de incidencia en esta región son mayores que las descritas en el hemisferio norte. A menudo el diagnóstico de la infección se establece tardíamente, lo que afecta el inicio del tratamiento antimicótico. Por esta razón, para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia está justificada una estrategia más científica, basada en parámetros específicos. Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y manejo de la candidemia constituye una serie de artículos preparados por miembros del grupo Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Su objetivo es proporcionar las mejores evidencias disponibles para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia. El presente artículo, Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en neonatos en América Latina, ha sido redactado con el objetivo de orientar a los profesionales de la salud en el manejo de los neonatos que padecen, o pueden padecer, candidemia. Mediante la base de datos PubMed se emprendió una búsqueda informatizada de los estudios publicados. Los miembros del grupo revisaron y analizaron exhaustivamente los datos. El grupo también se reunió en dos ocasiones para proponer preguntas, abordar los puntos de vista conflictivos y deliberar sobre las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en neonatos en América Latina incluye aspectos sobre profilaxis, terapia empírica, tratamiento de la candidemia demostrada, evaluación y seguimiento del paciente después del diagnóstico de candidemia, manejo de los recién nacidos con infección por Candida del catéter venoso central y manejo de otras complicaciones. Este manuscrito es el cuarto de los artículos de esta serie dedicada al diagnóstico y tratamiento de las candidiasis invasoras. Otras publicaciones de esta serie son Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en América Latina, Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en adultos en América Latina, y Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en niños en América Latina (AU)

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia’ are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America’, was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of neonates who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America’ includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, central venous catheter management, and management of complications. This manuscript is the fourth of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America’, ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America’, and ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America’ (AU)

Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en niños en América Latina / Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America

La candidemia es una de las micosis oportunistas más frecuentes en todo el mundo. El escaso número de estudios epidemiológicos llevados a cabo en América Latina indica que las tasas de incidencia en esta región son mayores que las descritas en el hemisferio norte. A menudo el diagnóstico de la infección se establece tardíamente, lo que afecta al inicio del tratamiento antimicótico. Por esta razón, para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia está justificada una estrategia más científica, basada en parámetros específicos. Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y manejo de la candidemia constituye una serie de artículos preparados por miembros del grupo Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Su objetivo es proporcionar las mejores evidencias disponibles para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia. El presente artículo, Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en adultos en América Latina, ha sido redactado con el objetivo de orientar a los profesionales de la salud en el manejo de los pacientes adultos que padecen, o pueden padecer, candidemia. Mediante la base de datos PubMed se emprendió una búsqueda informatizada de los estudios publicados. Los miembros del grupo revisaron y analizaron exhaustivamente los datos. El grupo también se reunió en dos ocasiones para proponer preguntas, abordar los puntos de vista conflictivos y deliberar sobre las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en adultos en América Latina está orientado al tratamiento de pacientes neutropénicos y no neutropénicos, e incluye aspectos sobre la profilaxis, el tratamiento empírico, el tratamiento de la candidemia confirmada, el seguimiento del paciente después del diagnóstico de la candidemia, la duración del tratamiento y el manejo del catéter venoso central. Esta publicación es la segunda de los artículos de esta serie dedicada al diagnóstico y tratamiento de las candidiasis invasoras. Otras publicaciones de esta serie son Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en América Latina, Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en ni˜nos en América Latina, y Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en neonatos en América Latina (AU)

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia’ are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America’, was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of children who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America’ includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in children with candidemia. This manuscript is the third of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America’, ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America’, and ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America’ (AU)

Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America

La candidemia es una de las micosis oportunistas más frecuentes en todo el mundo. El escaso número de estudios epidemiológicos llevados a cabo en América Latina indica que las tasas de incidencia en esta región son mayores que las descritas en el hemisferio norte. A menudo el diagnóstico de la infección se establece tardíamente, lo que afecta al inicio del tratamiento antimicótico. Por esta razón, para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia está justificada una estrategia más científica, basada en parámetros específicos. Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y manejo de la candidemia constituye una serie de artículos preparados por miembros del grupo Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. Su objetivo es proporcionar las mejores evidencias disponibles para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la candidemia. El presente artículo, Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en adultos en América Latina, ha sido redactado con el objetivo de orientar a los profesionales de la salud en el manejo de los pacientes adultos que padecen, o pueden padecer, candidemia. Mediante la base de datos PubMed se emprendió una búsqueda informatizada de los estudios publicados. Los miembros del grupo revisaron y analizaron exhaustivamente los datos. El grupo también se reunió en dos ocasiones para proponer preguntas, abordar los puntos de vista conflictivos y deliberar sobre las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en adultos en América Latina está orientado al tratamiento de pacientes neutropénicos y no neutropénicos, e incluye aspectos sobre la profilaxis, el tratamiento empírico, el tratamiento de la candidemia confirmada, el seguimiento del paciente después del diagnóstico de la candidemia, la duración del tratamiento y el manejo del catéter venoso central. Esta publicación es la segunda de los artículos de esta serie dedicada al diagnóstico y tratamiento de las candidiasis invasoras. Otras publicaciones de esta serie son Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en América Latina, Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en ni˜nos en América Latina, y Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en neonatos en América Latina (AU)

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia’ are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America’, was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of adults who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America’ includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in patients with candidemia. This manuscript is the second of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: ‘Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America’, ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America’, and ‘Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America’ (AU)

Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America. Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network.

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of neonates who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, central venous catheter management, and management of complications. This manuscript is the fourth of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America'.

Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America. Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network.

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of adults who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in patients with candidemia. This manuscript is the second of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'.

[Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America. Grupo Proyecto Épico]. / Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de la candidemia en América Latina.

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the diagnosis of candidemia, as well as on the usefulness and application of susceptibility testing in patients who have a confirmed diagnosis of candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America' includes diagnostic methods used to detect candidemia, Candida species identification, and susceptibility testing. The availability of methods, their costs and treatment settings are considered. This manuscript is the first of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'.

Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America. Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network.

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of children who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in children with candidemia. This manuscript is the third of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'.

[Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America. Grupo Proyecto Épico]. / Recomendaciones para el manejo de la candidemia en adultos en América Latina.

Candidemia is one of the most frequent opportunistic mycoses worldwide. Limited epidemiological studies in Latin America indicate that incidence rates are higher in this region than in the Northern Hemisphere. Diagnosis is often made late in the infection, affecting the initiation of antifungal therapy. A more scientific approach, based on specific parameters, for diagnosis and management of candidemia in Latin America is warranted. 'Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia' are a series of manuscripts that have been developed by members of the Latin America Invasive Mycosis Network. They aim to provide a set of best-evidence recommendations for the diagnosis and management of candidemia. This publication, 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America', was written to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on the management of adults who have, or who are at risk of, candidemia. Computerized searches of existing literature were performed by PubMed. The data were extensively reviewed and analyzed by members of the group. The group also met on two occasions to pose questions, discuss conflicting views, and deliberate on a series of management recommendations. 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in adults in Latin America' includes prophylaxis, empirical therapy, therapy for proven candidemia, patient work-up following diagnosis of candidemia, duration of candidemia treatment, and central venous catheter management in patients with candidemia. This manuscript is the second of this series that deals with diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Other publications in this series include: 'Recommendations for the diagnosis of candidemia in Latin America', 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in children in Latin America', and 'Recommendations for the management of candidemia in neonates in Latin America'.